THE NEUROCHEMISTRY OF JOY: EVOLUTIONARY PARALLELS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS
J. Manikanta Vinay, P. Sai Ram, Department of Pharmacology, Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy, Tirupathi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.63712/bpsrj-v2i1p003
ABSTRACT:
Happiness and emotional well-being are regulated by complex neurochemical interactions within the brain. A group of neurotransmitters and hormones commonly referred to as “happy hormones” play a central role in shaping mood, motivation, social bonding, and stress resilience. These include dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, endorphins, cortisol, and adrenaline. Beyond human psychology, these biochemical mediators are increasingly recognized as key indicators of animal welfare. This review explores the neurobiological pathways associated with happiness, highlights the physiological roles of major mood-related hormones, and discusses management and environmental strategies that promote their release. Understanding these mechanisms offers valuable insights for improving mental health in humans and welfare standards in animals